Output one or more strings

# echo

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

echo — Output one or more strings

### Description

echo(string `...$expressions`): void

Outputs one or more expressions, with no additional newlines or spaces.

`echo` is not a function but a language construct. Its arguments are a list of expressions following the `echo` keyword, separated by commas, and not delimited by parentheses. Unlike some other language constructs, `echo` does not have any return value, so it cannot be used in the context of an expression.

`echo` also has a shortcut syntax, where you can immediately follow the opening tag with an equals sign. This syntax is available even with the short_open_tag configuration setting disabled.

`I have <?=$foo?> foo.`

The major differences to print are that `echo` accepts multiple arguments and doesn't have a return value.

### Parameters

`expressions`

  One or more string expressions to output, separated by commas. Non-string values will be coerced to strings, even when the `strict_types` directive is enabled.

### Return Values

No value is returned.

### Examples

Example #1 `echo` examples

`<?php
echo "echo does not require parentheses.";
// Strings can either be passed individually as multiple arguments or
// concatenated together and passed as a single argument
echo 'This ', 'string ', 'was ', 'made ', 'with multiple parameters.', "\n";
echo 'This ' . 'string ' . 'was ' . 'made ' . 'with concatenation.' . "\n";
// No newline or space is added; the below outputs "helloworld" all on one line
echo "hello";
echo "world";
// Same as above
echo "hello", "world";
echo "This string spans
multiple lines. The newlines will be
output as well";
echo "This string spans\nmultiple lines. The newlines will be\noutput as well.";
// The argument can be any expression which produces a string
$foo = "example";
echo "foo is $foo"; // foo is example
$fruits = ["lemon", "orange", "banana"];
echo implode(" and ", $fruits); // lemon and orange and banana
// Non-string expressions are coerced to string, even if declare(strict_types=1) is used
echo 6 * 7; // 42
// However, the following examples will work:
($some_var) ? print 'true' : print 'false'; // print is also a construct, but
// it is a valid expression, returning 1,
// so it may be used in this context.
echo $some_var ? 'true': 'false'; // evaluating the expression first and passing it to echo
?>`

Example #2 `echo` is not an expression

`<?php
// Because echo does not behave as an expression, the following code is invalid.
($some_var) ? echo 'true' : echo 'false';
?>`

### Notes

> Note: Because this is a language construct and not a function, it cannot be called using variable functions, or named arguments.

> Note: Using with parentheses

> Surrounding a single argument to `echo` with parentheses will not raise a syntax error, and produces syntax which looks like a normal function call. However, this can be misleading, because the parentheses are actually part of the expression being output, not part of the `echo` syntax itself.

> Example #3 Using Parentheses

> `<?php
> echo "hello", PHP_EOL;
> // outputs "hello"
> echo("hello"), PHP_EOL;
> // also outputs "hello", because ("hello") is a valid expression
> echo(1 + 2) * 3, PHP_EOL;
> // outputs "9"; the parentheses cause 1+2 to be evaluated first, then 3*3
> // the echo statement sees the whole expression as one argument
> echo "hello", " world", PHP_EOL;
> // outputs "hello world"
> echo("hello"), (" world"), PHP_EOL;
> // outputs "hello world"; the parentheses are part of each expression
> ?>`

> Example #4 Invalid Expression

> `<?php
> echo("hello", " world"), PHP_EOL;
> // Throws a Parse Error because ("hello", " world") is not a valid expression
> ?>`

Tip

Passing multiple arguments to `echo` can avoid complications arising from the precedence of the concatenation operator in PHP. For instance, the concatenation operator has higher precedence than the ternary operator, and prior to PHP 8.0.0 had the same precedence as addition and subtraction:

`<?php
// Below, the expression 'Hello ' . isset($name) is evaluated first,
// and is always true, so the argument to echo is always $name
echo 'Hello ' . isset($name) ? $name : 'John Doe' . '!';
// The intended behaviour requires additional parentheses
echo 'Hello ' . (isset($name) ? $name : 'John Doe') . '!';
// In PHP prior to 8.0.0, the below outputs "2", rather than "Sum: 3"
echo 'Sum: ' . 1 + 2;
// Again, adding parentheses ensures the intended order of evaluation
echo 'Sum: ' . (1 + 2);`

If multiple arguments are passed in, then parentheses will not be required to enforce precedence, because each expression is separate:

`<?php
echo "Hello ", isset($name) ? $name : "John Doe", "!";
echo "Sum: ", 1 + 2;`

### See Also

- print - Output a string
- printf() - Output a formatted string
- flush() - Flush system output buffer
- Ways to specify literal strings

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