Execute command via shell and return the complete output as a string

# shell_exec

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

shell_exec — Execute command via shell and return the complete output as a string

### Description

shell_exec(string `$command`): string|false|null

This function is identical to the backtick operator.

> Note:

> On Windows, the underlying pipe is opened in text mode which can cause the function to fail for binary output. Consider to use popen() instead for such cases.

### Parameters

`command`

  The command that will be executed.

### Return Values

A string containing the output from the executed command, `false` if the pipe cannot be established or `null` if an error occurs or the command produces no output.

> Note:

> This function can return `null` both when an error occurs or the program produces no output. It is not possible to detect execution failures using this function. exec() should be used when access to the program exit code is required.

### Errors/Exceptions

An `E_WARNING` level error is generated when the pipe cannot be established.

### Examples

Example #1 A shell_exec() example

`<?php
$output = shell_exec('ls -lart');
echo "<pre>$output</pre>";
?>`

### See Also

- exec() - Execute an external program
- escapeshellcmd() - Escape shell metacharacters

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