Operators
Although example above already shows it, I'd like to explicitly state that ?: associativity DIFFERS from that of C++. I.e. convenient switch/case-like expressions of the form
$i==1 ? "one" :
$i==2 ? "two" :
$i==3 ? "three" :
"error";
will not work in PHP as expected
Operator Precedence
The precedence of an operator specifies how "tightly" it binds two expressions together. For example, in the expression 1 + 5 * 3, the answer is 16 and not 18 because the multiplication ("*") operator has a higher precedence than the addition ("+") operator. Parentheses may be used to force precedence, if necessary. For instance: (1 + 5) * 3 evaluates to 18.
When operators have equal precedence, their associativity decides whether they are evaluated starting from the right, or starting from the left - see the examples below.
The following table lists the operators in order of precedence, with the highest-precedence ones at the top. Operators on the same line have equal precedence, in which case associativity decides the order of evaluation.
| Associativity | Operators | Additional Information |
|---|---|---|
| non-associative | clone new | clone and new |
| left | [ | array() |
| right | ++ -- ~ (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) (bool) @ | types and increment/decrement |
| non-associative | instanceof | types |
| right | ! | logical |
| left | * / % | arithmetic |
| left | + - . | arithmetic and string |
| left | << >> | bitwise |
| non-associative | < <= > >= | comparison |
| non-associative | == != === !== <> | comparison |
| left | & | bitwise and references |
| left | ^ | bitwise |
| left | | | bitwise |
| left | && | logical |
| left | || | logical |
| left | ? : | ternary |
| right | = += -= *= /= .= %= &= |= ^= <<= >>= => | assignment |
| left | and | logical |
| left | xor | logical |
| left | or | logical |
| left | , | many uses |
For operators of equal precedence, left associativity means that
evaluation proceeds from left to right, and right associativity means
the opposite. For operators of equal precedence that are non-associative
those operators may not associate with themselves. So for example, the
statement 1 < 2 > 1, is illegal in PHP. Whereas,
the statement 1 <= 1 == 1 is not, because the
T_IS_EQUAL operator has lesser precedence than the
T_IS_SMALLER_OR_EQUAL operator.
Example #1 Associativity
<?php
$a = 3 * 3 % 5; // (3 * 3) % 5 = 4
$a = true ? 0 : true ? 1 : 2; // (true ? 0 : true) ? 1 : 2 = 2
$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$a = $b += 3; // $a = ($b += 3) -> $a = 5, $b = 5
// mixing ++ and + produces undefined behavior
$a = 1;
echo ++$a + $a++; // may print 4 or 5
?>
Note:
Although = has a lower precedence than most other operators, PHP will still allow expressions similar to the following: if (!$a = foo()), in which case the return value of foo() is put into $a.
add a note
User Contributed Notes
Operator Precedence - [4 notes]
headden at karelia dot ru ¶
4 years ago
Carsten Milkau ¶
11 months ago
Beware the unusual order of bit-wise operators and comparison operators, this has often lead to bugs in my experience. For instance:
<?php if ( $flags & MASK == 1) do_something(); ?>
will not do what you might expect from other languages. Use
<?php if (($flags & MASK) == 1) do_something(); ?>
in PHP instead.
digimanpk ¶
12 days ago
Going by the precedence,
$b=2;
if ($a=$b && $a >1)
{
echo "Passed";
}
else
{
echo "Failed";
}
will print "Failed".
leipie at gmail dot com ¶
20 days ago
The precedence of the arrow operator (->) on objects seems to the highest of all, even higher then clone.
But you can't wrap (clone $foo)->bar() like this!