crc32
For those wondering, like I did, what the maximum length of the returned hash can be for the purpose of storing it in a database, the answer is:
123 characters.
crypt
(PHP 4, PHP 5)
crypt — Criptazione di una stringa a senso unico (hashing)
Descrizione
string crypt
( string
$str
[, string $salt
] )La funzione crypt() restituisce una stringa criptata tramite l'algoritmo standard di crittografia di UNIX basato sul DES o su algoritmo alternativi disponibili sul sistema. I parametri sono la stringa che deve essere crittografata, e un parametro opzionale da usarsi come base per la crittografia. Vedere le pagine Unix relative alla funzione cript per maggiori dettagli.
Se il parametro salt non viene fornito, il PHP ne genererà uno casuale ad ogni chiamata.
Alcuni sistemi operativi supportano più di un tipo di cifratura. Infatti in alcuni casi lo standard basato sul DES viene sostituito da un algoritmo basato su MD5. Il tipo di crittografia da utilizzare viene attivato tramite il parametro salt. Al momento dell'installazione il PHP cerca di determinare le caratteristiche della funzione crypt e accetterà salt per altri tipi di funzioni. Se il parametro salt non viene passato, il PHP genererà, per default, una chiave di due caratteri a meno che il sistema di cifratura di default del sistema non sia MD5, in questo caso si genererà una chiave casuale compatibile con MD5. Il PHP imposta una costante chiamata CRYPT_SALT_LENGTH dalla quale si può sapere se sul sistema si può utilizzare una chiave di due caratteri o la chiave più lunga di 12 caratteri.
Se si usa la chiave generata, bisogna fare attenzione che questa viene generata una sola volta. Se si chiama la funzione ricorsivamente, si possono avere dei problemi di formato e di sicurezza.
La crittografia basa sullo standard DES restituisce la chiave come
primi due caratteri dell'output. Inoltre utilizza solo i primi 8 caratteri
del parametro str, pertanto stringhe più lunghe
che inizino con i medesimi otto caratteri, creeranno il medesimo risultato
(se si utilizza la medesima chiave).
Sui sistemi nei quali la funzione cript() supporta più tipi di crittografia, si imposteranno le seguenti costanti a 0 o a 1 in base al tipo disponibile.
- CRYPT_STD_DES - Standard basato su DES con chiave di due caratteri
- CRYPT_EXT_DES - Estensione basato su DES con chiave di nove caratteri
- CRYPT_MD5 - Crittografia basata su MD5 con 12 caratteri di chiave inizianti con $1$
- CRYPT_BLOWFISH - Crittografia Blowfish con 16 caratteri di chiave inizianti con $2$ oppure $2a$
Nota: Non esiste una funzione di decriptazione, poiché crypt() è un algoritmo ad una via.
Example #1 Esempio di uso di crypt()
<?php
$password = crypt("My1sTpassword"); // let salt be generated
/* Si dovrebbe passare l'intero risultato di crypt() come chiave di confronto
della password per evitare problemi con differenti algoritmi di hash. (Come detto prima
lo standard basato su DES usa chiavi di 2 caratteri,
mentre lo standard basato su MD5 ne usa 12). */
if (crypt($user_input, $password) == $password) {
echo "Password verified!";
}
?>
Example #2 Utilizzo di crypt() con htpasswd
<?php
// Set the password
$password = 'mypassword';
// Get the hash, letting the salt be automatically generated
$hash = crypt($password);
?>
Example #3 Uso dei diversi tipi di criptazione
<?php
if (CRYPT_STD_DES == 1) {
echo 'Standard DES: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', 'rl') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_EXT_DES == 1) {
echo 'Extended DES: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '_J9..rasm') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_MD5 == 1) {
echo 'MD5: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$1$rasmusle$') . "\n";
}
if (CRYPT_BLOWFISH == 1) {
echo 'Blowfish: ' . crypt('rasmuslerdorf', '$2a$07$rasmuslerd...........$') . "\n";
}
?>
Il precedente esempio visualizzerà qualcosa simile a:
Standard DES: rl.3StKT.4T8M Extended DES: _J9..rasmBYk8r9AiWNc MD5: $1$rasmusle$rISCgZzpwk3UhDidwXvin0 Blowfish: $2a$07$rasmuslerd............nIdrcHdxcUxWomQX9j6kvERCFjTg7Ra
Vedere anche md5() e il modulo Mcrypt.
add a note
User Contributed Notes
crypt - [13 notes]
mblaney at gmail dot com ¶
1 month ago
jette at nerdgirl dot dk ¶
28 days ago
The crypt() function cant handle plus signs correctly. So if for example you are using crypt in a login function, use urlencode on the password first to make sure that the login procedure can handle any character:
<?php
$user_input = '12+#æ345';
$pass = urlencode($user_input));
$pass_crypt = crypt($pass);
if ($pass_crypt == crypt($pass, $pass_crypt)) {
echo "Success! Valid password";
} else {
echo "Invalid password";
}
?>
mikey_nich (at) hotmáil . com ¶
6 years ago
Are you using Apache2 on f.i. WinXP and want to create .htpasswd files via php? Then you need to use the APR1-MD5 encryption method. Here is a function for that:
<?php
function crypt_apr1_md5($plainpasswd) {
$salt = substr(str_shuffle("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789"), 0, 8);
$len = strlen($plainpasswd);
$text = $plainpasswd.'$apr1$'.$salt;
$bin = pack("H32", md5($plainpasswd.$salt.$plainpasswd));
for($i = $len; $i > 0; $i -= 16) { $text .= substr($bin, 0, min(16, $i)); }
for($i = $len; $i > 0; $i >>= 1) { $text .= ($i & 1) ? chr(0) : $plainpasswd{0}; }
$bin = pack("H32", md5($text));
for($i = 0; $i < 1000; $i++) {
$new = ($i & 1) ? $plainpasswd : $bin;
if ($i % 3) $new .= $salt;
if ($i % 7) $new .= $plainpasswd;
$new .= ($i & 1) ? $bin : $plainpasswd;
$bin = pack("H32", md5($new));
}
for ($i = 0; $i < 5; $i++) {
$k = $i + 6;
$j = $i + 12;
if ($j == 16) $j = 5;
$tmp = $bin[$i].$bin[$k].$bin[$j].$tmp;
}
$tmp = chr(0).chr(0).$bin[11].$tmp;
$tmp = strtr(strrev(substr(base64_encode($tmp), 2)),
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/",
"./0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz");
return "$"."apr1"."$".$salt."$".$tmp;
}
?>
steve at tobtu dot com ¶
4 months ago
To generate salt use mcrypt_create_iv() not mt_rand() because no matter how many times you call mt_rand() it will only have at most 32 bits of entropy. Which you will start seeing salt collisions after about 2^16 users. mt_rand() is seeded poorly so it should happen sooner.
For bcrypt this will actually generate a 128 bit salt:
<?php $salt = strtr(base64_encode(mcrypt_create_iv(16, MCRYPT_DEV_URANDOM)), '+', '.'); ?>
*** Bike shed ***
The last character in the 22 character salt is 2 bits.
base64_encode() will have these four character "AQgw"
bcrypt will have these four character ".Oeu"
You don't need to do a full translate because they "round" to different characters:
echo crypt('', '$2y$05$.....................A') . "\n";
echo crypt('', '$2y$05$.....................Q') . "\n";
echo crypt('', '$2y$05$.....................g') . "\n";
echo crypt('', '$2y$05$.....................w') . "\n";
$2y$05$......................J2ihDv8vVf7QZ9BsaRrKyqs2tkn55Yq
$2y$05$.....................O/jw2XygQa2.LrIT7CFCBQowLowDP6Y.
$2y$05$.....................eDOx4wMcy7WU.kE21W6nJfdMimsBE3V6
$2y$05$.....................uMMcgjnOELIa6oydRivPkiMrBG8.aFp.
kaminski at istori dot com ¶
2 years ago
Here is an expression to generate pseudorandom salt for the CRYPT_BLOWFISH hash type:
<?php $salt = substr(str_replace('+', '.', base64_encode(pack('N4', mt_rand(), mt_rand(), mt_rand(), mt_rand()))), 0, 22); ?>
It is intended for use on systems where mt_getrandmax() == 2147483647.
The salt created will be 128 bits in length, padded to 132 bits and then expressed in 22 base64 characters. (CRYPT_BLOWFISH only uses 128 bits for the salt, even though there are 132 bits in 22 base64 characters. If you examine the CRYPT_BLOWFISH input and output, you can see that it ignores the last four bits on input, and sets them to zero on output.)
Note that the high-order bits of the four 32-bit dwords returned by mt_rand() will always be zero (since mt_getrandmax == 2^31), so only 124 of the 128 bits will be pseudorandom. I found that acceptable for my application.
solar at openwall dot com ¶
7 years ago
With different password hashing methods supported on different systems and with the need to generate salts with your own PHP code in order to use the more advanced / more secure methods, it takes special knowledge to use crypt() optimally, producing strong password hashes. Other message digest / hashing functions supported by PHP, such as md5() and sha1(), are really no good for password hashing if used naively, resulting in hashes which may be brute-forced at rates much higher than those possible for hashes produced by crypt().
I have implemented a PHP password hashing framework (in PHP, tested with all of PHP 3, 4, and 5) which hides the complexity from your PHP applications (no need for you to worry about salts, etc.), yet does things in almost the best way possible given the constraints of the available functions. The homepage for the framework is:
http://www.openwall.com/phpass/
I have placed this code in the public domain, so there are no copyrights or licensing restrictions to worry about.
P.S. I have 10 years of experience in password (in)security and I've developed several other password security tools and libraries. So most people can feel confident they're getting this done better by using my framework than they could have done it on their own.
thorhajo at gmail dot com ¶
8 years ago
Here's a little function I wrote to generate MD5 password hashes in the format they're found in /etc/shadow:
function shadow($password)
{
$hash = '';
for($i=0;$i<8;$i++)
{
$j = mt_rand(0,53);
if($j<26)$hash .= chr(rand(65,90));
else if($j<52)$hash .= chr(rand(97,122));
else if($j<53)$hash .= '.';
else $hash .= '/';
}
return crypt($password,'$1$'.$hash.'$');
}
I've written this so that each character in the a-zA-Z./ set has a 1/54 of a chance of being selected (26 + 26 + 2 = 54), thus being statistically even.
Matteo ¶
1 year ago
Password hashing should be done only with crypt and NEVER with SHA* and MD5 or hash(). The fundamental reason is that crypt is designed to be SLOW which is a VERY good thing for password hashing.
It also automatically generate a salt every time which makes pre-computed tables to "decrypt" passwords useless (the generated salt is stored in the returned string for convenience).
harry at simans dot net ¶
1 year ago
I made a nice little wrapper function for crypt():
<?php
function hasher($info, $encdata = false)
{
$strength = "08";
//if encrypted data is passed, check it against input ($info)
if ($encdata) {
if (substr($encdata, 0, 60) == crypt($info, "$2a$".$strength."$".substr($encdata, 60))) {
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}
else {
//make a salt and hash it with input, and add salt to end
$salt = "";
for ($i = 0; $i < 22; $i++) {
$salt .= substr("./ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789", mt_rand(0, 63), 1);
}
//return 82 char string (60 char hash & 22 char salt)
return crypt($info, "$2a$".$strength."$".$salt).$salt;
}
}
?>
This wrapper will accept a string as input and hash it, and output the hash result of the string and salt together, plus the salt added on the end. You can then store that output in a db, and pass it on to the function as the 2nd parameter when you go to verify it, along with the user input or whatever as the first.
Examples:
<?php
$hash = hasher($userinput);
if ($hash == hasher($userinput, $hash) {//authed}
?>
Neat huh?
hotdog (at) gmx (dot) net ¶
7 years ago
WRONG:
$mypassword = "toto";
$smd5_pass = "{SMD5}......." // in openldap
if (preg_match ("/{SMD5}/i", $smd5_pass))
{
$encrypted = substr($md5_pass, 6);
$hash = base64_decode($encrypted);
$salt = substr($hash,16);
$mhashed = mhash(MHASH_MD5, $mypassword . $salt) ;
$without_salt = explode($salt,$hash_hex);
if ($without_salt[0] == $mhashed) {
echo "Password verified <br>";
} else {
echo "Password Not verified<br>";
}
}
$without_salt = explode($salt,$hash_hex); should be $without_salt = explode($salt,$hash);
RIGHT:
$mypassword = "toto";
$smd5_pass = "{SMD5}......." // in openldap
if (preg_match ("/{SMD5}/i", $smd5_pass))
{
$encrypted = substr($md5_pass, 6);
$hash = base64_decode($encrypted);
$salt = substr($hash,16);
$mhashed = mhash(MHASH_MD5, $mypassword . $salt) ;
$without_salt = explode($salt,$hash);
if ($without_salt[0] == $mhashed) {
echo "Password verified <br>";
} else {
echo "Password Not verified<br>";
}
}
aidan at php dot net ¶
8 years ago
Text_Password allows one to create pronounceable and unpronounceable passwords.
http://pear.php.net/package/text_password
jon dot hulka at gmail dot com ¶
6 months ago
Along the lines of the md5crypt, but for blowfish
<?php
function blowfishCrypt($password,$cost)
{
$chars='./ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789';
$salt=sprintf('$2a$%02d$',$cost);
for($i=0;$i<22;$i++) $salt.=$chars[rand(0,63)];
return crypt($password,$salt);
}
//Example:
$hash=blowfishCrypt('password',10);
if(crypt('password',$hash)==$hash){ /*ok*/ }
?>
Denver Timothy ¶
2 months ago
Here is my blowfish-crypt function:
<?php
function bcrypt($input, $salt=null, $rounds=12) {
if($rounds < 4 || $rounds > 31) $rounds = 12;
if(is_null($salt)) $salt = sprintf('$2a$%02d$', $rounds).substr(str_replace('+', '.', base64_encode(pack('N4', mt_rand(), mt_rand(), mt_rand(), mt_rand()))), 0, 22);
return crypt($input, $salt);
}
$hash = bcrypt('password');
if($hash = bcrypt('password', $hash)) {
// password ok
}
?>