算术运算符

表达式

Last updated: Sun, 25 Nov 2007

运算符

运算符是可以通过给出的一或多个值（用编程行话来说，表达式）来产生另一个值（因而整个结构成为一个表达式）的东西。所以可以认为函数或任何会返回一个值（例如 print）的结构是运算符，而那些没有返回值的（例如 echo）是别的东西。

有三种类型的运算符。第一种是一元运算符，只运算一个值，例如 !（取反运算符）或 ++（加一运算符）。第二种是有限二元运算符，PHP 支持的大多数运算符都是这种。列表见下节运算符优先级。

第三种是三元运算符：?:。它应该被用来根据一个表达式在另两个表达式中选择一个，而不是用来在两个语句或者程序路线中选择。把整个三元表达式放在扩号里是个很好的主意。

运算符优先级

运算符优先级指定了两个表达式绑定得有多“紧密”。例如，表达式 1 + 5 * 3 的结果是 16 而不是 18 是因为乘号（“*”）的优先级比加号（“+”）高。必要时可以用括号来强制改变优先级。例如：(1 + 5) * 3 的值为 18。如果运算符优先级相同，则使用从左到右的左联顺序。

下表从高到低列出了运算符的优先级。同一行中的运算符具有相同优先级，此时它们的结合方向决定求值顺序。

**运算符优先级**
结合方向	运算符	附加信息
非结合	new	new
左	[	array()
非结合	++ --	递增／递减运算符
非结合	! ~ - (int) (float) (string) (array) (object) @	类型
左	* / %	算数运算符
左	+ - .	算数运算符和字符串运算符
左	<< >>	位运算符
非结合	< <= > >=	比较运算符
非结合	== != === !==	比较运算符
左	&	位运算符和引用
左	^	位运算符
左	\|	位运算符
左	&&	逻辑运算符
左	\|\|	逻辑运算符
左	? :	三元运算符
右	= += -= *= /= .= %= &= \|= ^= <<= >>=	赋值运算符
左	and	逻辑运算符
左	xor	逻辑运算符
左	or	逻辑运算符
左	,	多处用到

左联表示表达式从左向右求值，右联相反。

Example#1 结合方向


<?php
$a = 3 * 3 % 5; // (3 * 3) % 5 = 4
$a = true ? 0 : true ? 1 : 2; // (true ? 0 : true) ? 1 : 2 = 2

$a = 1;
$b = 2;
$a = $b += 3; // $a = ($b += 3) -> $a = 5, $b = 5
?>

使用括号可以增强代码的可读性。

Note: 尽管 ! 比 = 的优先级高，PHP 仍旧允许类似如下的表达式：if (!$a = foo())，在此例中 foo() 的输出被赋给了 $a。

算术运算符

表达式

Last updated: Sun, 25 Nov 2007

add a note User Contributed Notes
运算符

ddascalescu at gmail dot com
23-Oct-2008 06:53


The -> operator, not listed above, is called "object operator" (T_OBJECT_OPERATOR).

figroc at gmail dot com
02-Aug-2008 03:30


The variable symbol '$' should be considered as the highest-precedence operator, so that the variable variables such as $$a[0] won't confuse the parser.  [http://www.php.net/manual/en/language.variables.variable.php]

janturon at email dot cz
13-Mar-2008 01:27


Thanks to phpnet dot 20 dot dpnsubs at xoxy dot net for this, it saved me a lot of time. The brackets sucks, but you can have fun with them - make smileys valid code :o)



$a = 2;



echo (

 $a == 1 ? 'one'  :(

 $a == 2 ? 'two'  :(

 $a == 3 ? 'three'  :(

 $a == 4 ? 'four'

 :0) ) )

);

jet-2 at list dot ru
14-Jan-2008 04:20


janturon at email dot cz wrote about shortening with "or"

$a = @$b or $a = 'undefined';



There's no reason to do this, because it generates a notice anyway. A better way to do this is

$a = isset($b) ? $b : 'undefined'; 



Note, that NULL value returns false when you use isset().

phpnet dot 20 dot dpnsubs at xoxy dot net
01-Nov-2007 03:13


Note that in php the ternary operator ?: has a left associativity unlike in C and C++ where it has right associativity.



You cannot write code like this (as you may have accustomed to in C/C++):

<?

$a = 2;

echo (

    $a == 1 ? 'one' : 

    $a == 2 ? 'two' : 

    $a == 3 ? 'three' : 

    $a == 4 ? 'four' : 'other');

echo "\n";

// prints 'four'

?>



You need to add brackets to get the results you want:

<?

$a = 2;



echo ($a == 1 ? 'one' : 

        ($a == 2 ? 'two' : 

        ($a == 3 ? 'three' : 

        ($a == 4 ? 'four' : 'other') ) ) );

echo "\n";

//prints 'two'



?>

Gautam
10-Oct-2007 03:22


<?php



$result1 = 7 + 8 * 9/3 -4;

$result2 = 7 + 8 * (9/3 -4);

$result3 =(7 + 8)* 9/3 -4;



echo "Result1 for 7 + 8 * 9/3 -4 = $result1  Result2 for 7 + 8 * (9/3 -4) = $result2 and Result3 (7 + 8)* 9/3 -4 = $result3 "

/*

 which gives results as under

 Result1 for 7 + 8 * 9/3 -4 = 27 Result2 for 7 + 8 * (9/3 -4) = -1 and Result3 (7 + 8)* 9/3 -4 = 41

 Execution Order is 1) expression in brackets 2) division 3) multiplication 4) addition and 5) subtraction 

*/

?>

janturon at email dot cz
08-Oct-2007 06:42


This is very common problem: set one variable to another, if it is not empty. If it is, set it to something else.

For example: set $bar to $foo, if $foo is empty, set $bar to "undefined";



if(!empty($foo)) $bar= $foo; else $bar= "undefined";



OR operator can shorten it:



$bar= @$foo or $bar= "undefined";

me at robrosenbaum dot com
12-Jul-2007 12:16


The scope resolution operator ::, which is missing from the list above, has higher precedence than [], and lower precedence than 'new'. This means that self::$array[$var] works as expected.

madcoder at gmail dot com
09-Jun-2007 03:17


In response to mathiasrav at gmail dot com:



The reason for that behavior is the parentheses.  From the description:



"Parentheses may be used to force precedence, if necessary. For instance: (1 + 5) * 3 evaluates to 18."



So the order of operations says that even though the equality operator has higher precedence, the parentheses in your statement force the assignment operator to a higher precedence than the equality operator.



That said, it still doesn't work the way you expect it to.  Neither way works, for these reasons:

<?php

if ( $a != ($a = $b) )

?>



Order of operations says to do the parentheses first.  So you end up with:

<?php

$a = $b;

if ( $a != $a )

?>



Which is obviously going to be false.  Without the parentheses:

<?php

if ( $a != $a = $b )

?>



Order of operations says to do the inequality first, then the assignment, so you have:

<?php

if ( $a != $a );

$a = $b;

?>



Which again is not what you expected, and again will always be false.  But because you are only working with values of 0 and 1, you can make use of the XOR operator:



<?php

if ( $a ^= $b )

?>



This will only be true if 1) $a is 0 and $b is 1, or 2) $a is 1 and $b is 0.  That is precisely what you wanted, and it even does the assignment the way you expected it to.



<?php

foreach ($ourstring as $c) {

  if ($bold ^= $c['bold']) $resstring .= bold;

  if ($underline ^= $c['underline']) $resstring .= underline;

  $resstring .= $c[0];

}

?>



That code now works and produces the output you expected.

mathiasrav at gmail dot com
07-Apr-2007 09:41


<?php

"This might be related to the comment 31-Oct-2006 07:20 just below, but here goes.";



"I have found a bug (might be inherited from the way C does it) in PHP's operator precedence. Things like:";

if ($a != ($a = $b)) {/* more things */}

"doesn't work. In my code, I've changed that to:";

if ($a != $b) {$a = $b; /* more things */}



"A longer explanation (and a practical example) follows.";



"I've written an IRC bot which (among other things) can parse an IRC string and find out how the individual characters are formatted.";



// Quick guide to IRC formatting: In IRC, there are several 'format control characters', all non-printable. Among these are the bold formatting character, 0x02, which I'll write as <b>, and the underline formatting, 0x1F, which I'll write as <u>.";



"My code parses a string and reads these characters and makes an array which contains the individual characters and their formatting.";



"Here's an example. (I named the indices of the array, my code actually uses numbered indices)";



$ourstring = array(

  array(

    'Hello ',

    'bold' => 1,

    'underline' => 0,

  ), array(

    'world.',

    'bold' => 0,

    'underline' => 1,

  )

);



"And now, my formatparsedarray-to-ircstring function, that translates this to a string which can be posted to an IRC channel.";



$resstring = '';

define('bold', "\x02");

define('underline', "\x1F");

$bold = false;

$underline = false;

foreach ($ourstring as $c) {

  if ($bold != ($bold = $c['bold'])) $resstring .= bold;

  if ($underline != ($underline = $c['underline'])) $resstring .= underline;

  $resstring .= $c[0];

}

"Now, $resstring should contain:";

$resstring == "\x02Hello \x02\x1Fworld.";

"However, it doesn't, since ($bold = $c\['bold'\]) is evaluated before ($bold == (...)). According to the operator precedence, == is evaluated left-to-right, and = is evaluated right-to-left, but in this case, == evaluated right-to-left.";



"Is this a bug, or is it a leftover from C's way of parsing such things?";

?>

31-Oct-2006 10:20


In response to:

----------------------

T Chan

19-Aug-2006 10:30

[...]

In response to the manual, associativity doesn't determine the order of evaluation - it determines how it's "bracketed": a=b=c=1 is equivalent to a=(b=(c=1)), but a is evaluated first (an important point if evaluating a has side-effects)

<?php

function one($str) {

   echo "$str";

   return 1;

}



$a = array(1,2);

$a[one("A")] = $a[one("B")] = 1; // outputs AB

?>

----------------------



The manual, stated "associativity determines order of evaluation," which is completely correct, as it uses a stack execution, as with C.



The example you provided to counter the manual's statement however, is contrived, as it uses function calls to output a variable which is not even used in assignment; this in turn disproves (in your opinion) the manual's statement. Fuction calls, have much higher precedence than the assignment operator.



However:

Right Associativity with the '=' operator means the following:



The expression:  $a = $b = 1;

IS indeed evaluated from right to left.

The stack is used as follows. (if you're not familiar with stacks / queues, look em up).



The expressions are pushed onto the stack in the following order:  



        $a     $b   =    1    = 

        ^                         ^

       Bottom                 Top



The stack is then "evaluated" from top to bottom (which translates from right to left, if you're reading the expression)



It would read:  assign 1 to assign $b to $a



Which results in $a = 1



Try the following simple script:



<?php



function output(& $b)

{

      echo( "b value is: ".$b );

    return $b;

}



 $a = 2;

 $b = 5;



 echo ($a = $b = 1);



 $a = 2;

 $b = 5;



 echo ( "a value is: ".$a = output($b) );



?>



Output is:



1

b value is: 5

a value is: 5



---------------------------------------

Your example had nothing to do with the assignment operator evaluation order, only procedural precedence.

T Chan
19-Aug-2006 10:30


In response to 26-Mar-2001 08:53, parens don't need to have precedence. There's only one way to convert them to a syntax tree. I can't think of a sensible reason it could be ambiguous either (and sensible language designers will make ( always pair with ) so there can't be any ambiguity).



In response to 12-Aug-2005 08:47, you can do <?php $myvar OR ($myvar = 1); ?>, or the equivalent <?php !$myvar AND $myvar = 1; ?>, and if you have to use ifs, <?php if(!$myvar) { $myvar = 1; } ?> will do just fine (though in general, I'd be careful using boolean expressions as an indicator of success/failure when 0 could be a valid value. And you probably want to use isset($myvariable)).



In response to the manual, associativity doesn't determine the order of evaluation - it determines how it's "bracketed": a=b=c=1 is equivalent to a=(b=(c=1)), but a is evaluated first (an important point if evaluating a has side-effects)

<?php

function one($str) {

    echo "$str";

    return 1;

}



$a = array(1,2);

$a[one("A")] = $a[one("B")] = 1; // outputs AB

?>

golotyuk at gmail dot com
09-Jul-2006 09:51


Simple POST and PRE incremnt sample:



<?php



$b = 5;

$a = ( ( ++$b ) > 5 ); // Pre-increment test

echo (int)$a;



$b = 5;

$a = ( ( $b++ ) > 5 ); // Post-increment test

echo (int)$a;



?>



This will output 10, because of the difference in post- and pre-increment operations

dlyons at lyons42 dot com
26-Nov-2005 03:30


Re: Rick on 2-Sep-2005.



Actually, the C equivalent of "$a[$c++]=$b[$c++];" has undefined behavior, and the increments are by no means guaranteed to happen after the assignment in C.  (Search for a discussion of C "sequence points" for details.)

sm
02-Sep-2005 05:15


Note the highly unfortunate difference from Java, which associates the trinary operator right-to-left. 



---------------------------- source



function trinaryTest($foo){  // works as you think in Java, but not PHP



    $bar    = $foo > 20

            ? "greater than 20"

            : $foo > 10

                ? "greater than 10"

                : $foo > 5

                    ? "greater than 5"

                    : "not worthy of consideration";    

    echo $foo." =>  ".$bar."\n";

}



echo "\n\n\n----trinaryTest\n\n";

trinaryTest(21);

trinaryTest(11);

trinaryTest(6);

trinaryTest(4);



function trinaryTestParens($foo){

    

    $bar    = $foo > 20

            ? "greater than 20"

            : ($foo > 10

                ? "greater than 10"

                : ($foo > 5

                    ? "greater than 5"

                    : "not worthy of consideration"));    

    echo $foo." =>  ".$bar."\n";

}



echo "\n\n\n----trinaryTestParens\n\n";

trinaryTestParens(21);

trinaryTestParens(11);

trinaryTest(6);

trinaryTestParens(4);



---------------------------- output

----trinaryTest



21 =>  greater than 5

11 =>  greater than 5

6 =>  greater than 5

4 =>  not worthy of consideration



----trinaryTestParens



21 =>  greater than 20

11 =>  greater than 10

6 =>  greater than 5

4 =>  not worthy of consideration

rick at nomorespam dot fourfront dot ltd dot uk
02-Sep-2005 03:51


A quick note to any C developers out there, assignment expressions are not interpreted as you may expect - take the following code ;-



<?php

$a=array(1,2,3);

$b=array(4,5,6);

$c=1;



$a[$c++]=$b[$c++];



print_r( $a ) ;

?>



This will output;-

Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 6 [2] => 3 )

as if the code said;-

$a[1]=$b[2];



Under a C compiler the result is;-

Array ( [0] => 1 [1] => 5 [2] => 3 )

as if the code said;-

$a[1]=$b[1];



It would appear that in php the increment in the left side of the assignment is processed prior to processing the right side of the assignment, whereas in C, neither increment occurs until after the assignment.

kit dot lester at lycos dot co dot uk
22-Aug-2005 05:38


D'oh! please ignore (& forgive) the first paragraph in my note yesterday - I said that a diadic operator had the same precedence & associativity as a bunch of monadics. A bit of early senility must have struck me.



When I find time I'll rework my test to find out what I should have said - but using instanceof monadically didn't cause any visible errors in the test, so it could take a while.



[I'd be delighted if someone else beats me to it/ spares me the difficulties of seeing what's wrong in something that shouldn't have worked.]

kit dot lester at lycos do co dot uk
21-Aug-2005 09:21


Table 15-1 omits the precedence of instanceof - testing suggests it to be of the same precedence as not, negate, casting, and @.



The table also omits the precedence (and associativity) of the "execution operator" - but since that's a sort of quoting, I don't think it meaningfully has a precedence or associativity - they explain what is to happen where there's an open-endedness in the sense of missing brackets, and the quoting is a sort of bracket. (At least: because of the execution operator's double-ended closedness, I can't figure out any code where it would matter, so I can't test it.)

webmaster AT cafe-clope DOT net
12-Aug-2005 12:47


I regularly use some syntax like :



<?php

if(!$myvar)

  $myvar = $value ;

?>



and



<?php

if($myvar)

  echo "myvar is $myvar today" ;

?>



(or <?php echo ($myvar ? "myvar is $myvar today" : "") ?>)



It's small, but can become heavy when used too much.

Isn't there some trick to better such syntaxes ?

I was wondering about using things like :



<?php $myvar ||= $value ; ?>

<?php $myvar ?= $value ; ?>

<?php echo ($myvar ? "myvar is $myvar today") ; ?>

edwardsbc at yahoo dot com
04-May-2005 10:26


In response to npeelman at cfl dot rr dot com

29-Dec-2004 06:22:



You have misunderstood the behaviour of the interpreter.



With out the curly braces and the single quoted key identifier, the interpreter "assumes" you meant your CONSTANT to be a string.  This ONLY works within a parsed (double quoted) string.  And it doesn't help you at all if your array is multi-dimensional. I consider this a very bad habbit because it will get you in trouble elsewhere. Try the following:



<?php

define('item','AnyOldThing');

define('b',12);



$arr['item']['b'] = 'string';

$arr['AnyOldThing'][12]= 'Maybe not what I intended.';



echo "This is a {$arr['item']['b']}"; // [1] prints "This is a string".

echo "This is a $arr[item][b]"; // [2] broken

echo $arr[item][b]; // [3] broken

?>

npeelman at cfl dot rr dot com
29-Dec-2004 03:22


Update to message by yasuo_ohgaki at hotmail dot com:



  I know this is an old message but when using an Associative array in a string you do not have to use { and  } to resolve ambiguity. 



ex:



Associative Array in string: 



$arr['item'] = 'string'; 



echo "This is {$arr['item']}"; //prints "This is string".



...does work but, so does:



echo "This is $arr[item]"; //prints "This is string".



... simply enclose the whole string with double quotes and leave out the single quotes from around the index name. This simplifies the code and makes things easier to read.

Stopping at the dot completely
01-Sep-2004 01:33


The low precedence of the OR operator is useful for error control statements such as this one:

$my_file = @file ('non_existent_file') or die ("Failed opening file: error was '$php_errormsg'");



Notice the good readability of the code.

22-Aug-2004 09:51


I think warhog's note about the differing precedence between && / AND and || / OR is worth repeating.  Since && and || evaluate before the assignment operator (=) while AND and OR evaluate after it, you can get COMPLETELY different results if you don't fully parenthesise.



I cannot imagine when it would ever be important that those two pairs have differing precedence, but they do.  And I just spent two hours discovering that the hard way because I broke my career-long rule:



*Always fully parenthesise!*

11-Jun-2004 07:22


Warhog wrote: "maybe usefull for some tricky coding and helpfull to prevent bugs :D"



I'm sure Warhog was being facetious, but for the new programmers in the audience I'd like to point out that 'tricky coding' and relying on precedence/order of evaluation are both well-known ways to *produce* bugs.



Use parentheses instead.

09-Jun-2004 05:58


of course this should be clear, but i think it has to be mentioned espacially:



AND is not the same like &&



for example:



<?php $a && $b || $c; ?>

is not the same like

<?php $a AND $b || $c; ?>



the first thing is

(a and b) or c



the second

a and (b or c)



'cause || has got a higher priority than and, but less than &&



of course, using always [ && and || ] or [ AND and OR ] would be okay, but than you should at least respect the following:



<?php $a = $b && $c; ?>

<?php $a = $b AND $c; ?>



the first code will set $a to the result of the comparison $b with $c, both have to be true, while the second code line will set $a like $b and THAN - after that - compare the success of this with the value of $c



maybe usefull for some tricky coding and helpfull to prevent bugs :D



greetz, Warhog

yasuo_ohgaki at hotmail dot com
26-Mar-2001 12:34


About "{" and "}".


Sometimes PHP programmers need to use "{" and "}" to resolve ambiguity. Here is some examples.





Variable Variables:





<?php


$foo = "test";


$$bar = "this is";





echo "${$bar} $foo"; // prints "this is test"


?>





Note: it is the same as


<?php echo "$test $foo"; ?>





Array in string:





<?php


$arr[10][10][10] = "string";





echo "This is {$arr[10][10][10]}"; // prints "This is string"


?>





Associative Array in string:





<?php


$arr['item'] = 'string';





echo "This is {$arr['item']}"; //prints "This is string".


?>

yasuo_ohgaki at hotmail dot com
25-Mar-2001 11:53


Other Language books' operator precedence section usually include "(" and ")" - with exception of a Perl book that I have. (In PHP "{" and "}" should also be considered also). However, PHP Manual is not listed "(" and ")" in precedence list. It looks like "(" and ")" has higher precedence as it should be.





Note: If you write following code, you would need "()" to get expected value.





<?php


$bar = true;


$str = "TEST". ($bar ? 'true' : 'false') ."TEST";


?>





Without "(" and ")" you will get only "true" in $str. 


(PHP4.0.4pl1/Apache DSO/Linux, PHP4.0.5RC1/Apache DSO/W2K Server)


It's due to precedence, probably.

add a note

算术运算符

表达式

Last updated: Sun, 25 Nov 2007

运算符

Table of Contents

运算符优先级