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PDO::prepare

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PDO::prepare Prepara uma instrução para execução e retorna um objeto de instrução

Descrição

public PDO::prepare(string $query, array $options = []): PDOStatement|false

Prepara uma instrução SQL para ser executada pelo método PDOStatement::execute(). O modelo de instrução pode conter zero ou mais marcadores de parâmetros nomeados (:name) ou pontos de interrogação (?) para os quais os valores reais serão substituídos quando a instrução for executada. Os marcadores de parâmetros nomeados e de ponto de interrogação não podem ser usados ​​no mesmo modelo de instrução; apenas um ou outro estilo de parâmetro. Use esses parâmetros para vincular qualquer entrada do usuário, não inclua a entrada do usuário diretamente na consulta.

Deve-se incluir um marcador de parâmetro exclusivo para cada valor que se deseja passar para a instrução ao chamar PDOStatement::execute(). Um marcador de parâmetro nomeado com o mesmo nome não pode ser usado mais de uma vez em uma instrução preparada, a menos que o modo de emulação esteja ativado.

Nota:

Os marcadores de parâmetro podem representar apenas um literal de dados completo. Nem parte do literal, nem palavra-chave, nem identificador, nem qualquer parte arbitrária da consulta podem ser vinculadas usando parâmetros. Por exemplo, não se pode vincular múltiplos valores a um único parâmetro na cláusula IN() de uma instrução SQL.

Chamar PDO::prepare() e PDOStatement::execute() para instruções que serão emitidas diversas vezes com valores de parâmetros diferentes otimiza o desempenho da aplicação, permitindo que o driver negocie cache no lado do cliente e/ou do servidor do plano de consulta e metainformações. Além disso, chamar PDO::prepare() e PDOStatement::execute() ajuda a evitar ataques de injeção de SQL, eliminando a necessidade de inserir aspas e escapar manualmente dos parâmetros.

O PDO irá emular instruções preparadas/parâmetros vinculados para drivers que não os suportam nativamente, e também pode reescrever marcadores de parâmetros nomeados ou no estilo ponto de interrogação para algo mais apropriado, se o driver suportar um estilo, mas não o outro.

Nota: O analisador usado para instruções preparadas emuladas e para reescrever parâmetros nomeados ou no estilo de ponto de interrogação suporta escapes de barra invertida não padrão para aspas simples e duplas. Isso significa que aspas de término imediatamente precedidas por uma barra invertida não são reconhecidas como tal, o que pode resultar na detecção incorreta de parâmetros, fazendo com que a instrução preparada falhe quando for executada. Uma solução alternativa é não usar preparações emuladas para essas consultas SQL e evitar a reescrita de parâmetros usando um estilo de parâmetro que seja suportado nativamente pelo driver.

A partir do PHP 7.4.0, os pontos de interrogação podem ser escapados duplicando-os. Isso significa que a string ?? será traduzida para ? ao enviar a consulta ao banco de dados.

Parâmetros

query

Este deve ser um modelo de instrução SQL válido para o servidor de banco de dados de destino.

options

Este array contém um ou mais pares chave=>valor para definir valores de atributos para o objeto PDOStatement que esse método retorna. Normalmente usa-se isso para definir o valor PDO::ATTR_CURSOR como PDO::CURSOR_SCROLL para solicitar um cursor rolável. Alguns drivers têm opções específicas que podem ser definidas no momento da preparação.

Valor Retornado

Se o servidor de banco de dados preparar a instrução com sucesso, PDO::prepare() retornará um objeto PDOStatement. Se o servidor de banco de dados não conseguir preparar a instrução com sucesso, PDO::prepare() retornará false ou emitirá uma exceção PDOException (dependendo do tratamento de erros).

Nota:

Instruções preparadas emuladas não se comunicam com o servidor de banco de dados, portanto PDO::prepare() não verifica a instrução.

Erros/Exceções

Emite um erro de nível E_WARNING se o atributo PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE estiver definido como PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING.

Lança uma exceção PDOException se o atributo PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE estiver definido como PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION.

Exemplos

Exemplo #1 Modelo de instrução SQL com parâmetros nomeados

<?php
/* Executa uma instrução preparada passando uma matriz de valores */
$sql = 'SELECT name, colour, calories
FROM fruit
WHERE calories < :calories AND colour = :colour'
;
$sth = $dbh->prepare($sql, [PDO::ATTR_CURSOR => PDO::CURSOR_FWDONLY]);
$sth->execute(['calories' => 150, 'colour' => 'red']);
$red = $sth->fetchAll();
/* Chaves de arrays podem ser prefizadas com dois-pontos ":" também (opcional) */
$sth->execute([':calories' => 175, ':colour' => 'yellow']);
$yellow = $sth->fetchAll();
?>

Exemplo #2 Modelo de instrução SQL com parâmetros de ponto de interrogação

<?php
/* Executa uma instrução preparada passando uma matriz de valores */
$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT name, colour, calories
FROM fruit
WHERE calories < ? AND colour = ?'
);
$sth->execute([150, 'red']);
$red = $sth->fetchAll();
$sth->execute([175, 'yellow']);
$yellow = $sth->fetchAll();
?>

Exemplo #3 Modelo de instrução SQL com ponto de interrogação escapado

<?php
/* nota: isso só é válido em bancos de dados PostgreSQL */
$sth = $dbh->prepare('SELECT * FROM issues WHERE tag::jsonb ?? ?');
$sth->execute(['feature']);
$featureIssues = $sth->fetchAll();
$sth->execute(['performance']);
$performanceIssues = $sth->fetchAll();
?>

Veja Também

add a note

User Contributed Notes 17 notes

up
182
Anonymous
11 years ago
To those wondering why adding quotes to around a placeholder is wrong, and why you can't use placeholders for table or column names:

There is a common misconception about how the placeholders in prepared statements work: they are not simply substituted in as (escaped) strings, and the resulting SQL executed. Instead, a DBMS asked to "prepare" a statement comes up with a complete query plan for how it would execute that query, including which tables and indexes it would use, which will be the same regardless of how you fill in the placeholders.

The plan for "SELECT name FROM my_table WHERE id = :value" will be the same whatever you substitute for ":value", but the seemingly similar "SELECT name FROM :table WHERE id = :value" cannot be planned, because the DBMS has no idea what table you're actually going to select from.

Even when using "emulated prepares", PDO cannot let you use placeholders anywhere, because it would have to work out what you meant: does "Select :foo From some_table" mean ":foo" is going to be a column reference, or a literal string?

When your query is using a dynamic column reference, you should be explicitly white-listing the columns you know to exist on the table, e.g. using a switch statement with an exception thrown in the default: clause.
up
94
Simon Le Pine
11 years ago
Hi All,

First time posting to php.net, a little nervous.

After a bunch of searching I've learned 2 things about prepared statements:
1.) It fails if you enclose in a single quote (')
This fails: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email=':email'"
This works: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE email=:email"
2.) You cannot search with a prepared statement
This fails: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE :search=:email"
This succeeds: "SELECT * FROM users WHERE $search=:email"

In my case I allow the user to enter their username or email, determine which they've entered and set $search to "username" or "email". As this value is not entered by the user there is no potential for SQL injection and thus safe to use as I have done.

Hope that saves someone else from a lot of searching.
up
43
bg at enativ dot com
10 years ago
if you run queries in a loop, don't include $pdo->prepare() inside the loop, it will save you some resources (and time).

prepare statement inside loop:
for($i=0; $i<1000; $i++) {
$rs = $pdo->prepare("SELECT `id` FROM `admins` WHERE `groupID` = :groupID AND `id` <> :id");
$rs->execute([':groupID' => $group, ':id' => $id]);
}

// took 0.066626071929932 microseconds

prepare statement outside loop:
$rs = $pdo->prepare("SELECT `id` FROM `admins` WHERE `groupID` = :groupID AND `id` <> :id");
for($i=0; $i<1000; $i++) {
$rs->execute([':groupID' => $group, ':id' => $id]);
}

// took 0.064448118209839 microseconds

for 1,000 (simple) queries it took 0.002 microseconds less.
not much, but it worth mention.
up
58
daniel dot egeberg at gmail dot com
15 years ago
You can also pass an array of values to PDOStatement::execute(). This is also secured against SQL injection. You don't necessarily have to use bindParam() or bindValue().
up
3
theking2 at king dot ma
1 year ago
There are restrictions on the placeholder string. In the following code the first execute fails with a SQLSTATE[HY093]. It is not clear exactly what characters are allowed.

<?php declare(strict_types=1);

$db = new \PDO("mysql:hostname=localhost;dbname=minidwh", "minidwh", "Meisterstueck!");
$db->query("SET NAMES 'utf8mb4'");

$db->query("DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `äëïöüß`");
$db->query("CREATE TABLE `äëïöüß` ( `id` INT NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE = ARIA;");
$db->query("ALTER TABLE `äëïöüß` ADD COLUMN `äëïöüß` TEXT NULL");
try {
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO `äëïöüß` (`äëïöüß`) VALUES (:äëïöüß)");
$result = $stmt->execute([':äëïöüß' => 'test1']);
} catch (
\PDOException $e) {
echo
$e->getMessage() . '<BR>';
}

try {
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO `äëïöüß` (`äëïöüß`) VALUES (?)");
$result = $stmt->execute(['test2']);
} catch (
\PDOException $e) {
echo
$e->getMessage() . '<BR>';
}

try {
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO `äëïöüß` (`äëïöüß`) VALUES (:column)");
$result = $stmt->execute([':column' => 'test3']);
} catch (
\PDOException $e) {
echo
$e->getMessage() . '<BR>';
}

try {
$stmt = $db->prepare("INSERT INTO `äëïöüß` (`äëïöüß`) VALUES (:column)");
$stmt->bindValue(':column', 'test4');
$result = $stmt->execute();
} catch (
\PDOException $e) {
echo
$e->getMessage() . '<BR>';
}
up
42
admin at wdfa dot co dot uk
15 years ago
Note on the SQL injection properties of prepared statements.

Prepared statements only project you from SQL injection IF you use the bindParam or bindValue option.

For example if you have a table called users with two fields, username and email and someone updates their username you might run

UPDATE `users` SET `user`='$var'

where $var would be the user submitted text.

Now if you did
<?php
$a
=new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=database;","root","");
$b=$a->prepare("UPDATE `users` SET user='$var'");
$b->execute();
?>

and the user had entered User', email='test for a test the injection would occur and the email would be updated to test as well as the user being updated to User.

Using bindParam as follows
<?php
$var
="User', email='test";
$a=new PDO("mysql:host=localhost;dbname=database;","root","");
$b=$a->prepare("UPDATE `users` SET user=:var");
$b->bindParam(":var",$var);
$b->execute();
?>

The sql would be escaped and update the username to User', email='test'
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5
Mark Simon
7 years ago
Many students are tempted to add single quotes around string place holders in the SQL statement, since that’s what they normally do around strings in SQL and PHP.

I have to explain:

Quotes are not part of the string — they are used to construct a string in the coding language. If you are creating a string literal in SQL or PHP, then it must indeed be quoted. If the string has already been created, and is being passed on, then additional quotes would be wrong at best, and mis-interpreted at worst.

In prepared place holders, think of place holders as variables, which, whether they are strings or other values, are always written without quotes.
up
15
public at grik dot net
12 years ago
With PDO_MYSQL you need to remember about the PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES option.

The default value is TRUE, like
$dbh->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_EMULATE_PREPARES,true);

This means that no prepared statement is created with $dbh->prepare() call. With exec() call PDO replaces the placeholders with values itself and sends MySQL a generic query string.

The first consequence is that the call $dbh->prepare('garbage');
reports no error. You will get an SQL error during the $dbh->exec() call.
The second one is the SQL injection risk in special cases, like using a placeholder for the table name.

The reason for emulation is a poor performance of MySQL with prepared statements. Emulation works significantly faster.
up
3
Robin
14 years ago
Use prepared statements to ensure integrity of binary data during storage and retrieval. Escaping/quoting by f.e. sqlite_escape_string() or PDO::quote() is NOT suited for binary data - only for strings of text.

A simple test verifies perfect storage and retrieval with prepared statements:

<?php

$num_values
= 10000;

$db = new pdo( 'sqlite::memory:' );

$db->exec( 'CREATE TABLE data (binary BLOB(512));' );

// generate plenty of troublesome, binary data
for( $i = 0; $i < $num_values; $i++ )
{
for(
$val = null, $c = 0; $c < 512/16; $c++ )
$val .= md5( mt_rand(), true );
@
$binary[] = $val;
}

// insert each value by prepared statement
for( $i = 0; $i < $num_values; $i++ )
$db->prepare( 'INSERT INTO data VALUES (?);' )->execute( array($binary[$i]) );

// fetch the entire row
$data = $db->query( 'SELECT binary FROM data;' )->fetchAll( PDO::FETCH_COLUMN );

// compare with original array, noting any mismatch
for( $i = 0; $i < $num_values; $i++ )
if(
$data[$i] != $binary[$i] ) echo "[$i] mismatch\n";

$db = null;

?>
up
1
php dot chaska at xoxy dot net
11 years ago
Note that for Postgres, even though Postgres does support prepared statements, PHP's PDO driver NEVER sends the prepared statement to the Postgres server in advance of the call to PDO::execute().

Therefore, PDO::prepare() will never throw an error for things like faulty SQL syntax.

It also means the server will not parse and plan the SQL until the first time PDO::execute() is called, which may or may not adversely affect your optimization plans.
up
2
pbakhuis
10 years ago
Noteworthy in my opinion is that if you prepare a statement but do not bind a value to the markers it will insert null by default. e.g.
<?php
/** @var PDO $db */
$prep = $db->prepare('INSERT INTO item(title, link) VALUES(:title, :link)');
$prep->execute();
?>
Will attempt to insert null, null into the item table.
up
0
machitgarha at outlook dot com
7 years ago
Hello everyone.

I want to note that it doesn't matter where you are using a variable inside the query directly, that is not secure against SQL injections (unless performing a long security operation).

The following example is insecure against SQL injections:

<?php

$statement
= $databaseConnection->prepare("SELECT * FROM `$_POST['table']` WHERE $_POST['search_for']=:search");
$statement->bindParam(":search", $search);
$search = 18; // For example
$statement->execute();

?>

If an attacker pass '1;-- ' as input named 'search_for', he is not a very bad attacker; because he didn't delete your data! In the above example, an attacker can do anything with connected database (unless you have restricted the connected user). Unfortunately, as Simon Le Pine mentioned, you cannot use prepared statements as other parts of a query; just can be used to search in indexes.

Hope this helps from loosing some data.
Sorry for my a bit weak English!
up
1
roth at egotec dot com
18 years ago
Attention using MySQL and prepared statements.
Using a placeholder multiple times inside a statement doesn't work. PDO just translates the first occurance und leaves the second one as is.

select id,name from demo_de where name LIKE :name OR name=:name

You have to use

select id,name from demo_de where name LIKE :name OR name=:name2

and bind name two times. I don't know if other databases (for example Oracle or MSSQL) support multiple occurances. If that's the fact, then the PDO behaviour for MySQL should be changed.
up
-2
orrd101 at gmail dot com
12 years ago
Don't just automatically use prepare() for all of your queries.

If you are only submitting one query, using PDO::query() with PDO::quote() is much faster (about 3x faster in my test results with MySQL). A prepared query is only faster if you are submitting thousands of identical queries at once (with different data).

If you Google for performance comparisons you will find that this is generally consistently the case, or you can write some code and do your own comparison for your particular configuration and query scenario. But generally PDO::query() will always be faster except when submitting a large number of identical queries. Prepared queries do have the advantage of escaping the data for you, so you have to be sure to use quote() when using query().
up
-2
Hayley Watson
11 years ago
It is possible to prepare in advance several statements against a single connection. As long as that connection remains open the statements can be executed and fetched from as often as you like in any order; their "prepare-execute-fetch" steps can be interleaved in whichever way is best.

So if you're likely to be using several statements often (perhaps within a loop of transactions), you may like to consider preparing all the statements you'll be using up front.
up
-3
ak_9jsz
16 years ago
Using cursors doesn't work with SQLite 3.5.9. I get an error message when it gets to the execute() method.

Some of you might be saying "duh!" but i was surprised to see TRIGGER support in SQLite, so i had to try. :)

I wanted to use Absolute referencing on a Scrollable cursor and i only wanted one column of data. So i used this instead of a cursor.

<?php

$dbo
= new PDO('sqlite:tdb');
$sql = 'SELECT F1, F2 FROM tblA WHERE F1 <> "A";';
$res = $dbo->prepare($sql);
$res->execute();
$resColumn = $res->fetchAll(PDO::FETCH_COLUMN, 0);

for(
$r=0;$r<=3;$r++)
echo
'Row '. $r . ' returned: ' . $resColumn[$r] . "\n";

$dbo = null;
$res = null;
?>
up
-4
sgirard at rossprint dot com
14 years ago
Maybe everyone else already knows this but...

If you have a routine that prepares/executes many insert or update statements for a sqlite db then you may want to make use of the pdo transactions.

On some old hardware my query set went from 12 seconds to 1/3-1/2 second.

-sean
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