Uneven division of an integer variable by another integer variable will result in a float by automatic conversion -- you do not have to cast the variables to floats in order to avoid integer truncation (as you would in C, for example):
$dividend = 2;
$divisor = 3;
$quotient = $dividend/$divisor;
print $quotient; // 0.66666666666667
Манипуляции с типами
PHP не требует (и не поддерживает) явного типа при определении переменной; тип переменной определяется по контексту, в котором она используется. То есть, если вы присвоите значение типа string переменной $var, то $var изменит тип на string. Если вы затем присвоите $var значение типа integer, она станет целым числом (integer).
Примером автоматического преобразования типа является оператор умножения '*'. Если какой-либо из операндов является float, то все операнды интерпретируются как float, и результатом также будет float. В противном случае операнды будут интерпретироваться как integer и результат также будет integer. Обратите внимание, что это НЕ меняет типы самих операндов; меняется только то, как они вычисляются и сам тип выражения.
<?php
$foo = "1"; // $foo - это строка (ASCII-код 49)
$foo *= 2; // $foo теперь целое число (2)
$foo = $foo * 1.3; // $foo теперь число с плавающей точкой (2.6)
$foo = 5 * "10 Little Piggies"; // $foo - это целое число (50)
$foo = 5 * "10 Small Pigs"; // $foo - это целое число (50)
?>
Если последние два примера вам непонятны, смотрите Преобразование строк в числа.
Если вы хотите, чтобы переменная принудительно вычислялась как определенный тип, смотрите раздел приведение типов. Если вы хотите изменить тип переменной, смотрите settype().
Если вы хотите протестировать любой из примеров, приведенных в данном разделе, вы можете использовать функцию var_dump().
Замечание:
Поведение автоматического преобразования в массив в настоящий момент не определено.
К тому же, так как PHP поддерживает индексирование в строках аналогично смещениям элементов массивов, следующий пример будет верен для всех версий PHP:
<?php
$a = 'car'; // $a - это строка
$a[0] = 'b'; // $a все еще строка
echo $a; // bar
?>Более подробно смотрите в разделе Доступ к символу в строке.
Приведение типов
Приведение типов в PHP работает так же, как и в C: имя требуемого типа записывается в круглых скобках перед приводимой переменной.
<?php
$foo = 10; // $foo - это целое число
$bar = (boolean) $foo; // $bar - это булев тип
?>
Допускаются следующие приведения типов:
- (int), (integer) - приведение к integer
- (bool), (boolean) - приведение к boolean
- (float), (double), (real) - приведение к float
- (string) - приведение к string
- (array) - приведение к array
- (object) - приведение к object
- (unset) - приведение к NULL
Приведение типа (binary) и поддержка префикса b были добавлены в PHP 5.2.1. Обратите внимание, что (binary) по существу то же самое, что и (string), но не следует полагаться на этот тип приведения.
Приведение типа (unset) объявлено устаревшим с PHP 7.2.0. Обратите внимание, что приведение типа (unset) это то же самое, что присвоение NULL переменной. Тип приведения (unset) будет удален в PHP 8.0.0.
Обратите внимание, что внутри скобок допускаются пробелы и символы табуляции, поэтому следующие примеры равносильны по своему действию:
<?php
$foo = (int) $bar;
$foo = ( int ) $bar;
?>
Приведение строковых литералов и переменных к бинарным строкам:
<?php
$binary = (binary) $string;
$binary = b"binary string";
?>
Замечание:
Вместо использования приведения переменной к string, можно также заключить ее в двойные кавычки.
<?php
$foo = 10; // $foo - это целое число
$str = "$foo"; // $str - это строка
$fst = (string) $foo; // $fst - это тоже строка
// Это напечатает "они одинаковы"
if ($fst === $str) {
echo "они одинаковы";
}
?>
Может быть не совсем ясно, что именно происходит при приведении между типами. Для дополнительной информации смотрите разделы:
add a note
User Contributed Notes 35 notes
Raja ¶
15 years ago
Anonymous ¶
1 year ago
"An example of PHP's automatic type conversion is the multiplication operator '*'. If either operand is a float, then both operands are evaluated as floats, and the result will be a float. Otherwise, the operands will be interpreted as integers, and the result will also be an integer. Note that this does not change the types of the operands themselves; the only change is in how the operands are evaluated and what the type of the expression itself is."
I understand what the doc is trying to say here, but this sentence is not correct as stated, other types can be coerced into floats.
e.g.
<?php
$a = "1.5"; // $a is a string
$b = 100; // $b is an int
$c = $a * $b; // $c is a float, value is 150
// multiplication resulted in a float despite fact that neither operand was a float
yury at krasu dot ru ¶
17 years ago
incremental operator ("++") doesn't make type conversion from boolean to int, and if an variable is boolean and equals TRUE than after ++ operation it remains as TRUE, so:
$a = TRUE;
echo ($a++).$a; // prints "11"
fardelian ¶
7 years ago
Casting objects to arrays is a pain. Example:
<?php
class MyClass {
private $priv = 'priv_value';
protected $prot = 'prot_value';
public $pub = 'pub_value';
public $MyClasspriv = 'second_pub_value';
}
$test = new MyClass();
echo '<pre>';
print_r((array) $test);
/*
Array
(
[MyClasspriv] => priv_value
[*prot] => prot_value
[pub] => pub_value
[MyClasspriv] => second_pub_value
)
*/
?>
Yes, that looks like an array with two keys with the same name and it looks like the protected field was prepended with an asterisk. But that's not true:
<?php
foreach ((array) $test as $key => $value) {
$len = strlen($key);
echo "{$key} ({$len}) => {$value}<br />";
for ($i = 0; $i < $len; ++$i) {
echo ord($key[$i]) . ' ';
}
echo '<hr />';
}
/*
MyClasspriv (13) => priv_value
0 77 121 67 108 97 115 115 0 112 114 105 118
*prot (7) => prot_value
0 42 0 112 114 111 116
pub (3) => pub_value
112 117 98
MyClasspriv (11) => second_pub_value
77 121 67 108 97 115 115 112 114 105 118
*/
?>
The char codes show that the protected keys are prepended with '\0*\0' and private keys are prepended with '\0'.__CLASS__.'\0' so be careful when playing around with this.
Anonymous ¶
17 years ago
Printing or echoing a FALSE boolean value or a NULL value results in an empty string:
(string)TRUE //returns "1"
(string)FALSE //returns ""
echo TRUE; //prints "1"
echo FALSE; //prints nothing!
rmirabelle ¶
9 years ago
The object casting methods presented here do not take into account the class hierarchy of the class you're trying to cast your object into.
/**
* Convert an object to a specific class.
* @param object $object
* @param string $class_name The class to cast the object to
* @return object
*/
public static function cast($object, $class_name) {
if($object === false) return false;
if(class_exists($class_name)) {
$ser_object = serialize($object);
$obj_name_len = strlen(get_class($object));
$start = $obj_name_len + strlen($obj_name_len) + 6;
$new_object = 'O:' . strlen($class_name) . ':"' . $class_name . '":';
$new_object .= substr($ser_object, $start);
$new_object = unserialize($new_object);
/**
* The new object is of the correct type but
* is not fully initialized throughout its graph.
* To get the full object graph (including parent
* class data, we need to create a new instance of
* the specified class and then assign the new
* properties to it.
*/
$graph = new $class_name;
foreach($new_object as $prop => $val) {
$graph->$prop = $val;
}
return $graph;
} else {
throw new CoreException(false, "could not find class $class_name for casting in DB::cast");
return false;
}
}
ieee at REMOVE dot bk dot ru ¶
8 years ago
There are some shorter and faster (at least on my machine) ways to perform a type cast.
<?php
$string='12345.678';
$float=+$string;
$integer=0|$string;
$boolean=!!$string;
?>
kuzawinski dot marcin at NOSPAM dot gmail dot com ¶
5 years ago
You REALLY must be aware what you are doing, when you cast a lot in your code. For example, you can accidentaly change FALSE to TRUE (probably not in one line, like here):
if(TRUE === (boolean) (array) (int) FALSE) {
kaboom();
}
Anonymous ¶
9 years ago
Checking for strings to be integers?
How about if a string is a float?
<?php
/* checks if a string is an integer with possible whitespace before and/or after, and also isolates the integer */
$isInt=preg_match('/^\s*([0-9]+)\s*$/', $myString, $myInt);
echo 'Is Integer? ', ($isInt) ? 'Yes: '.$myInt[1] : 'No', "\n";
/* checks if a string is an integer with no whitespace before or after */
$isInt=preg_match('/^[0-9]+$/', $myString);
echo 'Is Integer? ', ($isInt) ? 'Yes' : 'No', "\n";
/* When checking for floats, we assume the possibility of no decimals needed. If you MUST require decimals (forcing the user to type 7.0 for example) replace the sequence:
[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?
with
[0-9]+\.[0-9]+
*/
/* checks if a string is a float with possible whitespace before and/or after, and also isolates the number */
$isFloat=preg_match('/^\s*([0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?)\s*$/', $myString, $myNum);
echo 'Is Number? ', ($isFloat) ? 'Yes: '.$myNum[1] : 'No', "\n";
/* checks if a string is a float with no whitespace before or after */
$isInt=preg_match('/^[0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?$/', $myString);
echo 'Is Number? ', ($isFloat) ? 'Yes' : 'No', "\n";
?>
martinscotta at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
in response to bhsmither at gmail.com
It raises a warning because of the bad enquoted variable
<?php
error_reporting( E_ALL | E_STRICT );
$foo['ten'] = 10; // $foo['ten'] is an array holding an integer at key "ten"
$str = "{$foo['ten']}"; // works "10"
$str = "$foo[ten]"; // DO NOT work!
edgar dot klerks at gmail dot com ¶
11 years ago
It seems (unset) is pretty useless. But for people who like to make their code really compact (and probably unreadable). You can use it to use an variable and unset it on the same line:
Without cast:
<?php
$hello = 'Hello world';
print $hello;
unset($hello);
?>
With the unset cast:
<?php
$hello = 'Hello world';
$hello = (unset) print $hello;
?>
Hoorah, we lost another line!
jphansen at uga dot edu ¶
9 years ago
Type casting from string to int and vice versa is probably the most common conversation. PHP does this very simply through the +. and .= operators, removing any explicit casting:
<?php
$x = 1;
var_dump($x); // int(1)
$x .= 1;
var_dump($x); // string(2) "11"; also an empty string ("") would cast to string without changing $x
$x = "1";
var_dump($x); // string(1) "1"
$x += 1;
var_dump($x); // int(2); also a zero value (0) would cast to int without changing $x
?>
miracle at 1oo-percent dot de ¶
14 years ago
If you want to convert a string automatically to float or integer (e.g. "0.234" to float and "123" to int), simply add 0 to the string - PHP will do the rest.
e.g.
$val = 0 + "1.234";
(type of $val is float now)
$val = 0 + "123";
(type of $val is integer now)
Dhairya Lakhera ¶
11 months ago
Value of uninitialized variable of different data types.
settype($a,'bool');
var_dump($a); //boolean false
settype($b,'string');
var_dump($b); //string '' (length=0)
settype($c,'array');
var_dump($c); //array (size=0) empty
settype($d,'int');
var_dump($d); //int 0
settype($e,'float');
var_dump($e); //float 0
settype($f,'object');
var_dump($f); //object(stdClass)[1]
wbcarts at juno dot com ¶
11 years ago
WHERE'S THE BEEF?
Looks like type-casting user-defined objects is a real pain, and ya gotta be nuttin' less than a brain jus ta cypher-it. But since PHP supports OOP, you can add the capabilities right now. Start with any simple class.
<?php
class Point {
protected $x, $y;
public function __construct($xVal = 0, $yVal = 0) {
$this->x = $xVal;
$this->y = $yVal;
}
public function getX() { return $this->x; }
public function getY() { return $this->y; }
}
$p = new Point(25, 35);
echo $p->getX(); // 25
echo $p->getY(); // 35
?>
Ok, now we need extra powers. PHP gives us several options:
A. We can tag on extra properties on-the-fly using everyday PHP syntax...
$p->z = 45; // here, $p is still an object of type [Point] but gains no capability, and it's on a per-instance basis, blah.
B. We can try type-casting it to a different type to access more functions...
$p = (SuperDuperPoint) $p; // if this is even allowed, I doubt it. But even if PHP lets this slide, the small amount of data Point holds would probably not be enough for the extra functions to work anyway. And we still need the class def + all extra data. We should have just instantiated a [SuperDuperPoint] object to begin with... and just like above, this only works on a per-instance basis.
C. Do it the right way using OOP - and just extend the Point class already.
<?php
class Point3D extends Point {
protected $z; // add extra properties...
public function __construct($xVal = 0, $yVal = 0, $zVal = 0) {
parent::__construct($xVal, $yVal);
$this->z = $zVal;
}
public function getZ() { return $this->z; } // add extra functions...
}
$p3d = new Point3D(25, 35, 45); // more data, more functions, more everything...
echo $p3d->getX(); // 25
echo $p3d->getY(); // 35
echo $p3d->getZ(); // 45
?>
Once the new class definition is written, you can make as many Point3D objects as you want. Each of them will have more data and functions already built-in. This is much better than trying to beef-up any "single lesser object" on-the-fly, and it's way easier to do.
Anonymous ¶
15 years ago
If you have a boolean, performing increments on it won't do anything despite it being 1. This is a case where you have to use a cast.
<html>
<body> <!-- don't want w3.org to get mad... -->
<?php
$bar = TRUE;
?>
I have <?=$bar?> bar.
<?php
$bar++;
?>
I now have <?=$bar?> bar.
<?php
$bar = (int) $bar;
$bar++;
?>
I finally have <?=$bar?> bar.
</body>
</html>
That will print
I have 1 bar.
I now have 1 bar.
I finally have 2 bar.
Eric Lavoie ¶
5 years ago
(array) null
array(null)
are not the same.
var_dump((array) null) =>
array (size=0)
empty
var_dump(array (null)) =>
array (size=1)
0 => null
Anonymous ¶
8 years ago
namaroulis stated "I found it tricky to check if a posted value was an integer"; to test if a variable is a number or a numeric string (such as form input, which is always a string), you must use is_numeric():
<?php
$_POST['a'] = "42";
is_numeric( $_POST['a'] ); // true
?>
hemi68 at hotmail dot com ¶
8 years ago
Cast a string to binary using PHP < 5.2.1
$binary = unpack('c*', $string);
namaroulis at gmail dot com ¶
9 years ago
I found it tricky to check if a posted value was an integer.
<?php
$_POST['a'] = "42";
is_int( $_POST['a'] ); //false
is_int( intval( "anything" ) ); //always true
?>
A method I use for checking if a string represents an integer value.
<?php
function check_int( $str )
{
return is_numeric( $str ) && intval( $str ) - $str == 0;
}
?>
bhsmither at gmail.com ¶
10 years ago
<?php
$foo['ten'] = 10; // $foo['ten'] is an array holding an integer at key "ten"
$str = "$foo['ten']"; // throws T_ENCAPSED_AND_WHITESPACE error
$str = "$foo[ten]"; // works because constants are skipped in quotes
$fst = (string) $foo['ten']; // works with clear intention
?>
hek at theeks dot net ¶
11 years ago
It would be useful to know the precedence (for lack of a better word) for type juggling. This entry currently explains that "if either operand is a float, then both operands are evaluated as floats, and the result will be a float" but could (and I think should) provide a hierarchy that indicates, for instance, "between an int and a boolean, int wins; between a float and an int, float wins; between a string and a float, string wins" and so on (and don't count on my example accurately capturing the true hierarchy, as I haven't actually done the tests to figure it out). Thanks!
lucazd at gmail dot com ¶
11 years ago
@alexgr (20-Jun-2008)
Correct me if I'm wrong, but that is not a cast, it might be useful sometimes, but the IDE will not reflect what's really happening:
<?php
class MyObject {
/**
* @param MyObject $object
* @return MyObject
*/
static public function cast(MyObject $object) {
return $object;
}
/** Does nothing */
function f() {}
}
class X extends MyObject {
/** Throws exception */
function f() { throw new exception(); }
}
$x = MyObject::cast(new X);
$x->f(); // Your IDE tells 'f() Does nothing'
?>
However, when you run the script, you will get an exception.
alexgr at gmail dot com ¶
12 years ago
For a Cast to a User Defined Object you can define a cast method:
class MyObject {
/**
* @param MyObject $object
* @return MyObject
*/
static public function cast(MyObject $object) {
return $object;
}
}
In your php page code you can:
$myObject = MyObject::cast($_SESSION["myObject"]);
Then, PHP will validate the value and your IDE will help you.
philip_snyder at hotmail dot com ¶
16 years ago
Re: the typecasting between classes post below... fantastic, but slightly flawed. Any class name longer than 9 characters becomes a problem... SO here's a simple fix:
function typecast($old_object, $new_classname) {
if(class_exists($new_classname)) {
// Example serialized object segment
// O:5:"field":9:{s:5:... <--- Class: Field
$old_serialized_prefix = "O:".strlen(get_class($old_object));
$old_serialized_prefix .= ":\"".get_class($old_object)."\":";
$old_serialized_object = serialize($old_object);
$new_serialized_object = 'O:'.strlen($new_classname).':"'.$new_classname . '":';
$new_serialized_object .= substr($old_serialized_object,strlen($old_serialized_prefix));
return unserialize($new_serialized_object);
}
else
return false;
}
Thanks for the previous code. Set me in the right direction to solving my typecasting problem. ;)
mbrowne83 (at GM) ¶
5 years ago
The code listed in some of the comments here for supposedly "casting" from one class to another using unserialize/serialize does not actually change the class of the existing object; it creates a new object. So it's not the same as a cast.
tom5025_ at hotmail dot com ¶
15 years ago
function strhex($string)
{
$hex="";
for ($i=0;$i<strlen($string);$i++)
$hex.=dechex(ord($string[$i]));
return $hex;
}
function hexstr($hex)
{
$string="";
for ($i=0;$i<strlen($hex)-1;$i+=2)
$string.=chr(hexdec($hex[$i].$hex[$i+1]));
return $string;
}
to convert hex to str and vice versa
toma at smartsemantics dot com ¶
15 years ago
In my much of my coding I have found it necessary to type-cast between objects of different class types.
More specifically, I often want to take information from a database, convert it into the class it was before it was inserted, then have the ability to call its class functions as well.
The following code is much shorter than some of the previous examples and seems to suit my purposes. It also makes use of some regular expression matching rather than string position, replacing, etc. It takes an object ($obj) of any type and casts it to an new type ($class_type). Note that the new class type must exist:
function ClassTypeCast(&$obj,$class_type){
if(class_exists($class_type,true)){
$obj = unserialize(preg_replace"/^O:[0-9]+:\"[^\"]+\":/i",
"O:".strlen($class_type).":\"".$class_type."\":", serialize($obj)));
}
}
berniev ¶
4 years ago
May be expected, but not stated ..
Casting to the existing (same) type has no effect.
$t = 'abc'; // string 'abc'
$u=(array) $t; // array 0 => string 'abc' <-- now an array
$v=(array) $u; // array 0 => string 'abc' <-- unchanged
post_at_henribeige_dot_de ¶
17 years ago
If you want to do not only typecasting between basic data types but between classes, try this function. It converts any class into another. All variables that equal name in both classes will be copied.
function typecast($old_object, $new_classname) {
if(class_exists($new_classname)) {
$old_serialized_object = serialize($old_object);
$new_serialized_object = 'O:' . strlen($new_classname) . ':"' . $new_classname . '":' .
substr($old_serialized_object, $old_serialized_object[2] + 7);
return unserialize($new_serialized_object);
}
else
return false;
}
Example:
class A {
var $secret;
function A($secret) {$this->secret = $secret;}
function output() {echo("Secret class A: " . $this->secret);}
}
class B extends A {
var $secret;
function output() {echo("Secret class B: " . strrev($this->secret));}
}
$a = new A("Paranoia");
$b = typecast($a, "B");
$a->output();
$b->output();
echo("Classname \$a: " . get_class($a) . "Classname \$b: " . get_class($b));
Output of the example code above:
Secret class A: Paranoia
Secret class B: aionaraP
Classname $a: a
Classname $b: b
dimo dot vanchev at bianor dot com ¶
16 years ago
For some reason the code-fix posted by philip_snyder at hotmail dot com [27-Feb-2004 02:08]
didn't work for me neither with long_class_names nor with short_class_names. I'm using PHP v4.3.5 for Linux.
Anyway here's what I wrote to solve the long_named_classes problem:
<?php
function typecast($old_object, $new_classname) {
if(class_exists($new_classname)) {
$old_serialized_object = serialize($old_object);
$old_object_name_length = strlen(get_class($old_object));
$subtring_offset = $old_object_name_length + strlen($old_object_name_length) + 6;
$new_serialized_object = 'O:' . strlen($new_classname) . ':"' . $new_classname . '":';
$new_serialized_object .= substr($old_serialized_object, $subtring_offset);
return unserialize($new_serialized_object);
} else {
return false;
}
}
?>
nullhilty at gmail dot com ¶
11 years ago
Just a little experiment on the (unset) type cast:
<?php
$var = 1;
$var_unset = (unset) $var;
$var_ref_unset &= (unset) $var;
var_dump($var);
var_dump($var_unset);
var_dump($var_ref_unset);
?>
output:
int(1)
NULL
int(0)
davaakhuu at outlook dot com ¶
5 years ago
Type Juggling<br/>
<?php $count = "2 cats"; ?>
Type: <?php echo gettype($count); ?><br/>
<?php $count += 3; ?>
Type: <?php echo gettype($count); ?><br/>
<?php $cats = "I have " . $count . "cats."; ?>
Cats: <?php echo gettype($cats); ?><br/>
<br/>
Type Casting<br/>
<?php settype($count, "integer"); ?>
count: <?php echo gettype($count); ?><br/>
<?php $count2 = (string)$count; ?>
count: <?php echo gettype($count); ?><br/>
count2: <?php echo gettype($count2); ?><br/>
<?php $test1 = 3; ?>
<?php $test2 = 3; ?>
<?php settype($test1, "string"); ?>
<?php (string)$test2; ?>
test1: <?php echo gettype($test1); ?><br/>
test2: <?php echo gettype($test2); ?><br/>
kajsunansis at that gmail ¶
11 years ago
json_decode users consider this, when casting stdClass to array:
<?php
$obj = new stdClass();
$obj->{"2"} = "id";
$arr = (array) $obj;
$result = isset($arr["2"]) || array_key_exists(2, $arr); // false
?>
..though casting is at least 2x faster than foreach.
Jeffrey ¶
11 years ago
IMAGINATION REQUIRED...
We can be a witness to PHP's 'type-jugglin' in real-time with a simple implementation of a MemoryMap. For the sake our purposes, pretend that this is an empty MemoryMap.
+-------+------+------+-------+
| index | $var | type | value |
+-------+------+------+-------+
| 1 | --- | NULL | null |
| 2 | --- | NULL | null |
| 3 | --- | NULL | null |
| 4 | --- | NULL | null |
+-------+------+------+-------+
<?php
# create some variables...
$a = 10;
$b = "Hello";
$c = array(55.45, 98.65);
# Now look at map...
?>
+-------+-------+---------+--------+
| index | $var | type | value |
+-------+-------+---------+--------+
| 1 | $a | INTEGER | 10 |
| 2 | $b | STRING | Hello |
| 3 | $c[0] | FLOAT | 55.45 |
| 4 | $c[1] | FLOAT | 98.65 |
+-------+-------+---------+--------+
<?php
# Now, change the variable types...
$a = "Bye";
$b = 2;
$c[0] = "Buy";
$c[1] = "Now!";
#Look at map...
?>
+-------+-------+---------+--------+
| index | $var | type | value |
+-------+-------+---------+--------+
| 1 | $a | STRING | Bye | <- used to be INTEGER
| 2 | $b | INTEGER | 2 | <- used to be STRING
| 3 | $c[0] | STRING | Buy | <- used to be FLOAT
| 4 | $c[1] | STRING | Right | <- used to be FLOAT
+-------+-------+---------+--------+
